I know with clear copper cables you can physically see a layer of rust form on the outside of the copper with use and time (they turn from copper colored to green). I’m not sure if putting an electric signal through a copper cable would make it rust faster, but that wouldn’t surprise me either (with the entire electromagnetism stuff that happens and polarity of water). I’m not sure how much that would change the resistance of the cable, but you are in theory reducing the diameter of the cable by 2x the thickness of the rust. Resistance of a cable is related to both the length of the cable as well as the diameter; so a thinner gauge wire (like those used for IEMs) would be impacted by rust more. We do also know that adding a resister to a cable does indeed change the sound of a headphone, especially if it’s known for having strong impedance swings.
Silver will also rust into silver oxide, this too doesn’t conduct as well as pure silver does. So it would have similar effects, but from my understanding silver takes longer than copper to rust. This would coincide with most people who claim silver cables take longer to “break in.”
For life saving equipment I’d argue that the cabling likely has a much larger gauge of wire so this effect isn’t as big. I’d also argue that the voltages going through those wires will be much higher than what would be used for an IEM. As for the actual electronics (motherboards, etc.), there are some coatings that can be applied at point of manufacturer to prevent corrosion, but obviously there are some practices that can be used to prevent it as well. But as with all things, if corrosion gets too bad, the part is labeled as broken and another one used. In hospitals, they tend to have multiples of most things, I’m sure military installations have failsafes as well so nothing relies on exactly one component working. But I could be wrong I guess.
Note: I’m not saying that the corrosion on a cable will be audible, but I’m also not saying it isn’t. I am saying that cabling does undergo physical change with use. How much that influences stuff will depend on a lot of factors. I will also say that I’ve rarely ever heard much substantial differences when swapping cables in general, so I doubt I’d hear much difference with the corrosion on its own. I do feel like there are other components that are more likely to change the sound with time. Although drivers are debated still, ear tips (and ear pads) change and warp with use like a spring does and those are well known to influence sound drastically; I feel like those would likely contribute most to the changes people hear in sound and are often overlooked.