R&D story (4) is it necessary to get such a high impedance of 350Ω?
Speaking of the impedance of over-ear headphones, we will find that it has actually been developing to a lower level. The main reason is actually to follow the development of the front end. In the early days, they were mainly connected to desktop devices, followed by iPods, and even cell phones. Many new headphones behind international brands even took “ directly connecting to cell phones” as a selling point when introducing them to the public.
Of course, technology is progressing. Thanks to the material of the diaphragm, many headphones have low impedance and high sensitivity. Other technologies are also constantly developing, such as magnet technology.
However, under the premise that other conditions are basically the same, the higher the impedance, the better the sound quality. We would try to explain it in a simple way.
1. From the perspective of the system, high resistance is more conducive to the front end
Headphones and a front end (players, headphone amplifiers) form a system. Based on the formula, P (power) = U (voltage) * I (current), and R (resistance) = U / I, so P = I ² *R. Therefore, if the sensitivity is the same, the higher the impedance, the smaller the current demand on the front end.
As a result, the system is composed of high-impedance headphones, and the output current of the front end will be small. While for the circuit of the player and DAC/Amp, at present 99.99% are fixed-voltage amplification rather than current amplification, so ensuring accurate voltage output is easier than accurate current output, especially for players, headphones, and desktop systems with high supply voltage. The higher impedance can reduce the burden on the front end, while the lower impedance is more difficult to deal with.
2. From the perspective of sound dynamics, high resistance is conducive to improving the resolution
Low-resistance headphones mainly rely on current, while high-resistance ones rely on voltage. Therefore, low-resistance headphones with the same dynamic have a small range of voltage variation, while high-resistance has a large. A greater voltage amplitude means an improvement in resolution.
Here is a simple example. It is easy to hear noise floor in low-resistance headphones, so the volume should be kept at a low level. But high-resistance headphones can keep a relatively high volume. In this case, we can hear the subtlety of the music at low sound pressure which will not be covered by the noise floor.
3. From the perspective of sound dynamics damping coefficient, high resistance is good for controlling unnecessary vibration of the diaphragm
In the audio power amplifier circuit, there is a professional and important parameter called damping coefficient, which is the load impedance/output impedance of the amplifier.
The output impedance of the amplifier is determined when the circuit is designed. And the load (speakers/headphones) is variable, so the higher the impedance of the headphones, the higher the damping coefficient when connected to a player.
The damping system can be roughly understood as the control force the amplifier has over the load, because headphones are a kind of inductive load, which has a counter-electromotive force to resist the drive of the amplifier. Therefore, if the damping coefficient is too low, the sound will be muddy, dragging and slow.
4. From the perspective of headphone manufacturing, high-resistance headphones are hard to produce
The impedance of the headphones comes from two parts. One is the DC resistance of the voice coil, and the other is its inductive resistance. Generally speaking, the longer the coil's copper wire, the higher the DC resistance. The more turns of the coil, the higher the AC inductance.
However, if the copper wire is too long, the voice coil will be too heavy and thick. Therefore, in order to control the weight and thickness of the voice coil, we generally use a finer copper wire to wind the voice coil. The thinner the copper wire, the weaker the strength. And it will be harder to solder.
Therefore, the cost of manufacturing high-resistance units is relatively higher.
5. FiiO wants to differentiate the headphones by high resistance
Since there are so many advantages of high resistance, the disadvantage is that it has higher requirements on the front end. FiiO’s portable and desktop devices have much higher output power than mobile phones and other front ends, so we don’t have to worry too much about it like many headphone brands.
So, when other brands are making low-impedance headphones, focusing on high-impedance ones may be a smarter strategy.