Starting in the "middle", you don't mention Charlie Parker, who's required listening, of course. Sonny Stitt is another (he also plays tenor). Paul Desmond played with Dave Brubeck, but he has great solo recordings. Gigi Gryce and James Moody are two more. Early Jazz had Benny Carter, who I love, and Johnny Hodges (played with Duke, and has great solo recordings). Paqiito D'Rivera plays a great mix of jazz, Latin and other musics. Tim Berne, Ornette Coleman, John Zorn, Arthur Blythe, Julius Hemphill, Anthony Braxton are free jazz players. Chris Potter and Greg Osby are 2 more that comes to mind. That should keep you busy for a bit...
(there are many more, but I'll second Phil Woods...)