Quote:
Originally Posted by tourmaline
Science always think they know it all. Alot of statements have been corrected during the years. I rest my case.
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Your case is porous. Here, let me show you why universal skepticism (what you're advocating, there) is incorrect. I'll draw this directly from George H. Smith, as he does a good job of collecting a concise argument against your position.
"The second form of universal skepticism consists of the doctrine that we must doubt every alleged instance of knowledge. Through this negative formulation, the universal skeptic seeks to avoid the contradiction of asserting a knowledge claim while denying the existence of knowledge. But the doctrine that we should doubt every knowledge claim translates into the positive assertion that man can never attain certainty - and this version of skepticism fares no better than the preceding.
We must ask if this "principle of universal doubt" is itself certain, or is it open to doubt as well? If it is known with certainty, at least one thing is beyond doubt, which makes the principle false. However, if the principle is open to doubt - that is, if it is not certain - then on what grounds can the skeptic claim greater plausibility for his theory than any other?
Why, according to the universal skeptic, should every knowledge claim be doubted? 'Because,' he will reply, 'man is capable of error, and it is possible in any given instance that he has committed an error.' We must remember, however, that 'error' (or falsehood) is the opposite of 'truth' and the skeptic who appeals to error implicitly admits that a proposition cannot be true and false, correct and incorrect, at the same time and in the same respect. thus, whether he likes it or not, the skeptic must surrender to the logical principle known as the Law of Contradiction (which states that a proposition cannot be true and false at the same time and in the same manner). At the barist minimum, therefore, the skeptic must concede the validity of the Law of Contradiction and its corolaries: the Law of Identity (A is A; a thing is itself) and the Law of the Excluded Middle (something is either A or not-A).
Here we must note the main source of confusion in the skeptical approach:
the equation of knowledge and certainty with infallibility. When the skeptic claims that every knowledge claim should be doubted because man is capable of making mistakes, he is simply pointing out the obvious: that man is a fallible being. No one, not even the most resolute antiskeptic, will deny that man is fallible.
The skeptic fails to realize that it is precisely man's fallibility that generates the need for a science of knowledge. If man were infallible - if all knowledge were given to him without the slightest possibility of error - then the need for epistemological guidelines with which to verify ideas, with which to sort the true from the false, would not arise. Man requires a method to minimize the possiblity of error, and this is the function of epistemology. A science of knowledge enables us to discriminate between justified and unjustified beliefs; and since the beliefs of an infallible being would not stand in need of verification, he could have no use for epistemological standards.
Man's capacity for error is not sufficient reason to suppose that he has committed an error in any specific instance. The skeptic cannot appeal solely to man's fallibility as the grounds for skepticism; further argumentation is required. If the skeptic wishes to attack a knowledge claim for which evidence has been provided, he must attack the evidence itself; he cannot merely appeal to human fallability. "Being aware that you may be mistaken doesn't mean merely being aware that you are a falible human being: it means that you have some concrete reason to suppose that you may be mistaken in this case."
Rational doubt arises contextually, in specific circumstances when the arguments and evidence offered inm support of a proposition are determined to be defective or insufficient. The skeptic cannot bypass the particulars of a knowledge claim and merely assert that, since man is fallible, the knowledge claim deserves to be doubted. To do so is to commit the "infallibility fallacy."
In order to justify his doubt, the skeptic must take issue with the specific arguments and evidence offered in support of a knowledge claim. If the proposition in question can withstand scrutiny, it qualifies as knowledge; and if the evidence in favor of the proposition is overwhelming, it rationally qualifies as certain knowledge - man's fallibility notwithstanding.
So, care to take issue with any particular claim after having rationally evaluated the evidence? Or are you just going to stick with "Well, man has been wrong before, so I choose to believe that man is wrong always!"