Attack is the result of treble. Take a look at any square wave response and you'll see that it's actually made up of
every frequency. The leading edge of the square wave, how high it rises, is the result of the highest frequencies. That's why
Grados sound "fast", they have lots of treble and peaks that result in a sharper attack. But generally speaking, the rise time isn't any faster on these "fast" headphones, it just peaks higher. Go through some of
Inner Fidelity's other graphs to see how frequency response translates to square wave response.
Decay's a similar story. Sure, all headphones have a different waterfall plot that shows slower or faster decay (
Golden-Ears.net measures them), but most of it won't make a difference. Headphones all generally decay to -36 dB within 3 milliseconds in the treble and upper midrange, and waterfall plots are too inaccurate for anything below that. We're not going to hear the difference between a 2 ms and 3 ms decay in treble, at least not while music is playing and constantly masking those frequencies. The decay we hear has more to do with how much the low frequencies mask others, and the louder those frequencies are and the slower
they decay the more easily they mask others. It's no coincidence that dark headphones tend to sound "slow" (or if the reviewer likes them, "lush"
).
Treble influences detail because it's not as likely to mask other frequencies. Bright headphones sound more detailed because there's more treble compared to bass, so there's less masking and lower overall decay which makes it easier to hear small details. Detail is also, obviously, affected by how neutral the frequency response is; if there's a big dip in the response, you're not going to hear much detail there. Keep in mind that headphones rarely actually produce more details than other headphones, they just make some easier to hear. I've never had a headphone reveal "details I've never heard" that don't immediately become audible on every other headphone. Once we hear it and know it's there, we'll hear it on everything.
You should spend some time down in good ol' Sound Science.