mfaughn,
All of your power readings are OK. All of your resistances are OK and match what I would expect.
The only time I have seen comm errors is when the D+ and D- have been reversed. I learned that one the hard way as the error was on the PCB. I'm leaning away from this right now as your resistance checks are good.
The other time that I have seen errors in Windows is due to power errors. These are usually due to the board pulling too much power.
My next tests are:
- can you put a meter between the USB cable and the board and determine how much current it is pulling?
- check around U1, C9, R8, the LED, L2 for any shorts.
The exact error message and pictures are starting to become really important. All of us have done bad soldering so don't be embarrassed. As well, can you let us know what hardware you are using this with - PC, Laptop, netbook, directly attached or through a hub, etc. The more you give us the more we can help.