I believe you have misinterpreted the information on charge voltage. It is referring to the voltage of the battery at the end of the charge cycle, and not the charge voltage during the charge.
A li-ion battery is charged to a maximum voltage, as determined by the charger design/specs.
Some chargers will charge a li-ion battery up to 4.20 volts (or higher) at full charge. Other chargers will charge a battery to 4.15 (for example), or less. The result will be less battery capacity, but is kinder to the battery. The people who want maximum battery capacity for their application, make sure to get battery chargers that will charge a battery up to 4.20 volts or higher.
For devices like a DAP, Phone, etc., the full charge voltage is determined by the charge circuit built into the DAP/Phone. It is programmed as to what the max charge voltage will be. When you set battery saver ON in the Sony DAP settings, this tells the charge circuit to charge up to 4.10 voltage only, and stop. This is effectively 90% of the battery capacity.
For full capacity charging, the charger would charge the battery up to the full capacity 4.20 volts.
An external charger that shows charge voltage during charging is illustrative of what happens during charging. An example is the Nitecore SC4 battery charger for li-ion batteries for flashlights, e-cigs, etc. It shows you the voltage of the battery when inserted, which is typically 3.xx Volt. As it charges up, the voltage will increase, until at the end of the charge cycle, it shows 4.20 Volt, and the charger shows the battery is fully charged, and stops charging.
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https://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/how_to_prolong_lithium_based_batteries
Most Li-ions
charge to 4.20V/cell, and every reduction in peak charge voltage of 0.10V/cell is said to double the cycle life. For example, a lithium-ion cell charged to 4.20V/cell typically delivers 300–500 cycles. If charged to only 4.10V/cell, the life can be prolonged to 600–1,000 cycles; 4.0V/cell should deliver 1,200–2,000 and 3.90V/cell should provide 2,400–4,000 cycles.
On the negative side, a lower peak charge voltage reduces the capacity the battery stores. As a simple guideline, every 70mV reduction in charge voltage lowers the overall capacity by 10 percent. Applying the peak charge voltage on a subsequent charge will restore the full capacity.
In terms of longevity, the optimal charge voltage is 3.92V/cell. Battery experts believe that this threshold eliminates all voltage-related stresses; going lower may not gain further benefits but induce other symptoms. (See
BU-808b: What causes Li-ion to die?) Table 4 summarizes the capacity as a function of charge levels. (All values are estimated; Energy Cells with higher voltage thresholds may deviate.)
Charge level *(V/cell) | Discharge cycles | Available stored energy ** | Table 4: Discharge cycles and capacity as a function of charge voltage limit. Every 0.10V drop below 4.20V/cell doubles the cycle but holds less capacity. Raising the voltage above 4.20V/cell would shorten the life. The readings reflect regular Li-ion charging to 4.20V/cell.
Guideline: Every 70mV drop in charge voltage lowers the usable capacity by about 10%.
Note: Partial charging negates the benefit of Li-ion in terms of high specific energy.
* Similar life cycles apply for batteries with different voltage levels on full charge.
** Based on a new battery with 100% capacity when charged to the full voltage. |
[4.30] | [150–250] | [110–115%] | |
4.25 | 200–350 | 105–110% | |
4.20 | 300–500 | 100% | |
4.15 | 400–700 | 90–95% | |
4.10 | 600–1,000 | 85–90% | |
4.05 | 850–1,500 | 80–85% | |
4.00 | 1,200–2,000 | 70–75% | |
3.90 | 2,400–4,000 | 60–65% | |
3.80 | See note | 35–40% | |
3.70 | See note | 30% and less | |
General recommendations as to which charger is good to use, is to use a high quality, high output charger. The higher the charger capacity, the better, as a high output charger is engineered with higher capacity and quality parts, and have lots of reserve capacity, and thus will not overheat and break down, which can, in worse case, send damaging high voltages or noise to the device. (All modern chargers use switching power supplies, which generate very high voltages internally.)
One test for charge capacity/reserve is to check the heat of a charger while it is charging a depleted device. If it is hot, then that is not good, and a sign that you are pushing it beyond it's design limits. I use, and recommend multi port chargers, by brands like Anker, Aukey, etc.. I use a 6 port Aukey charger rated at 10 Amps output maximum. It never gets hot, even if charging 3-4 device simultaneously.
Another general recommendation is to keep the DoD (Depth of Discharge) low, which you can read about in the article link. The lower the DoD, the higher the number of discharge cycles (i.e. longevity of battery). Lower DoD also results in lower charge current (Amps), and less heat buildup, which are both good for the battery.
Depth of
discharge | Discharge cycles | Table 2: Cycle life as a function of
depth of discharge.* A partial discharge reduces stress and prolongs battery life, so does a partial charge. Elevated temperature and high currents also affect cycle life.
Note: 100% DoD is a full cycle; 10% is very brief. Cycling in mid-state-of-charge would have best longevity. |
NMC | LiPO4 | |
100% DoD | ~300 | ~600 |
80% DoD | ~400 | ~900 |
60% DoD | ~600 | ~1,500 |
40% DoD | ~1,000 | ~3,000 |
20% DoD | ~2,000 | ~9,000 |
10% DoD | ~6,000 | ~15,000 |