My memory is iPods & most small mobile players have low output. Usually they are feeding more efficient IEMs rather than big open headphones. My PSAudio puts out upto 2.5volts, iPod might be no more than 1.
(Help! we're falling! Into an OCD Black Hole…)
Actually, that touches somewhat on my point. "Gain" and, lets call it, "output capability" are rather independent. In a gross sense, output capability is absolutely limited by the DC voltage powering the device, it simply cannot produce voltage swings bigger than that. (A more refined sense would, e.g., take distortion into account.) Gain, on the other hand, is the *ratio* of how many volts you get out for how many volts you put in, *at low level*. It is design choice of the circuit designer. The "volume control" is a gain control that the designer has "granted" to the user. The gain ratio stays the same going from low input levels to higher levels, until you run into the output capability mentioned above. There are not hard standards for consumer audio equipment, so the gains of various components vary a fair amount. To first order, I'm fine if power amplifier A has less gain than power amplifier B, as long as my preamplifier has enough gain with some setting of the volume control to drive both to the desired listening levels. There is not an
a priori reason to believe that B will sound better than A, or
vice versa. There are higher-order effects that go on. In my case, I have a hum issue with my BHSE in my listening chain, *if* I do not set the volume controls of my BHSE and preamp properly. There are a whole range of settings of the two that will produce the same output volume (and power!), but they produce different hum levels. (I do have a lingering concern that, to get low hum, I have to set the gain on the preamp quite high, so there is some danger that I might be operating it close to its distortion-based output capability.) Or again, volume controls are intended to change volume and nothing else, however, they *may* actually change other aspects of the signal besides its volume, like bandwidth. (OK, fire all engines, let's get clear of this thing…) Anyway, the setting of the volume control is not a good indicator of how closely you are driving a device to its output capability. It is not a good indicator of how loudly something will play, which also depends on the gains of devices before and after it in the chain. It is, by itself, not a good indicator of the quality of components in the chain. An approach I would take in comparing 2 components would be to 1) set the volume controls so that they produce as near as possible the same average volume, and 2) compare the details of the sound quality of the two components at this same volume level. I like my system to produce the illusion of transporting me into the recording space of the (typically classical) performance. For my favored recordings from Decca's Kenneth Wilkinson, this means I want to hear the volume level to which the Decca tree of microphones was exposed at the time of recording. Of course, I cannot get this absolutely correct, but I take my best guess at what that level would be, and set the volumes controls accordingly, for serious listening, or doing comparison, etc.
(Nope, the engines do not have the required thrust. We're goners.)