An alkaline 9V battery should have around 600 mAh, which means that if you put a constant 1 mA draw on it, it will last 600 hours. If you have a 10 mA load, it will last 60 hours. If you add a 2 mA current source pair, bringing that up to 12 mA, battery life will drop to 50 hours.
The 150 mAh number you saw is undoubtedly for a rechargeable battery.
The milliamp-hour rating of a set of battery goes up by a factor of N (that being the number of batteries) when the batteries are wired in parallel. If you wire them in series, the mAh value is the same as for a single battery, but battery life still goes up: battery voltage ramps down steadily as the battery is drained, and if you put the batteries in series, you start that ramp at a higher voltage, so it takes longer to get down to the "dead battery" voltage. Also, batteries in series can be drawn down farther than a single battery. Let's say you have an op-amp chip that requires 7V to sound good. If you run it with a single 9V battery, it will only be run down to 7V, so it will still have life left in it when the amp starts sounding bad. If you put a second 9V batttery in series, you start at 18V and drop to 7V, where each battery would be 3.5V. Since a 9V battery really won't go down to 3.5V usefully (internal resistance becomes too high) this configuration gets the most life out of both batteries.