I go by approximate frequencies, but sometimes slip into describing specific instruments. For me:
<60Hz: Sub-bass
60-160Hz: Mid-bass (80-110 for the mid-bass hump)
160-~1kHz: Lower mid-range
~1kHz-4kHz: Upper mid-range
4kHz-10kHz: Treble
>10kHz: Upper treble
For instruments, kick drum and bass guitar are usually in the mid-bass, with some of it in the sub-bass with synthetic bass and stuff like that. Lower mid-range has some more bass guitar, guitar that's tuned down, and deep voices. Upper mid-range has higher voices, guitar, and snare drum attack. Treble has cymbal, sibilance, flutes, and synthetic trebly noise stuff.