You are right, This is a very interesting and complex question, involving the interaction between hardware, signal processing, and subjective auditory perception.
It is not a particularly complex question, in fact it’s not a question at all. We know how digital audio and signal processing works because we invented it, there is no digital audio in nature. Also, it has absolutely nothing whatsoever to do with “
subjective auditory perception”; computers, RAM, PCIe busses, DACs and other hardware do not have any auditory perception and certainly not any subjective auditory perception. Auditory perception only occurs in a brain with an auditory cortex and obviously hardware does not have either a human brain or an auditory cortex.
While science can explain many hardware operations in computers, it struggles to fully explain how changes in hardware frequency impact sound quality, especially in the subjective experience.
Science can obviously explain all hardware operations in computers (not just “
many”), if it couldn’t there wouldn’t be any computers, except possibly a few being experimented on in research labs. Also, science does not struggle to explain how changes in hardware affect sound, it’s easy to measure sound and detect and correlate differences. If science did struggle to fully explain it, there would not be a telecoms industry but obviously there has been a telecoms industry for well over a century! Lastly and again, science obviously does not struggle to explain “
subjective experience” (let alone “
especially”), in fact it could not be easier to explain because again, neither hardware nor sound has any “
subjective experience”, that again is a function of an animal/human brain, which hardware does not have.
Indeed, Strictly speaking, digital circuits themselves do not produce traditional intermodulation distortion (IMD), as IMD is caused by nonlinear processes, whereas signal transmission in digital circuits is linear (switching between logical 0 and 1).
There’s no such thing as “
traditional intermodulation distortion”, there is just IMD which is the same thing it’s always been.
However, certain phenomena in digital circuits can indirectly cause discrepancies between the audio signal decoded by the DAC and the original signal, affecting sound quality.
I don’t know what phenomena you’re talking about in digital circuits that cause discrepancies between the audio signal and the original signal that affect sound? Maybe you’re referring to jitter but then jitter in a typical digital circuit/DAC does not affect the sound!
These can be considered "intermodulation-like effects" in the digital domain and may manifest as distortion in the analog signal.
Intermodulation distortion is the distortion that occurs when two or more different audio/sound frequencies occur simultaneously within a signal and through a non-linear process, modulate to create other, harmonically unrelated frequencies. Digital audio is just digital data, there are no different frequencies within a digital data signal to modulate and therefore there cannot be any “intermodulation like effects”.
G