By the way, if you're super-bored, here's an extension of some of the questions I asked in the chapter. I call it "The Engineer's Quiz." There are no prizes, sorry. Just something fun for the analog designers out there.
(And yeah, I'm bored, just kinda hanging out today, cleaning up from Thanksgiving yesterday.)
Engineers quiz
1. Why would you expect an op-amp design to measure better than a discrete design?
2. Why would you expect both op-amp and discrete designs to measure better in low gain than high gain?
3. Why would adding a driver stage to a discrete design affect the distortion performance?
4. Why might you have to re-compensate a discrete design when you add a driver stage?
5. What other techniques can be used to make a discrete amplifier measure better?
6. What is feedforward also known as, and how is it different than feedback? Bonus: write the s-domain equation for feedforward and negative feedback. Bonus bonus: recount the number of times you used s- or jw-domain simplifications as an engineer, and name the mathematical discipline they are simplifications of.
7. Which of the current TI audio op-amps claims highest distortion performance?
8. What factors will contribute to an engineer not replicating the claimed distortion performance numbers for an op-amp design?
9. How large of a difference will jack contact and cable routing make when performing measurements on low-distortion amplifiers?
10. What is the typical distortion level of a good loudspeaker transducer? (A range is fine, or multiple ranges for bass/midrange.)
11. What is the typical distortion level of a good headphone transducer? (Same notes above.)
12. How does transducer distortion compare to amplifier distortion in terms of level and profile?
13. What is the typical distortion level of a good recording microphone? Bonus: what is the distortion profile of the chain used to record your favorite music (microphone, preamp, processors, ADC, etc)?
@Jason Stoddard the fact that you list these items at all means that you definitely apply more engineering in your products than some "audio designers" and tweakists do.
1. measurement (with steady-state, sinusoidal waveforms) for op-amp measures better than discrete from combination of higher open loop gain plus feedback. op-amps also have tighter beta matching between differential pairs, tighter thermal ambient, and ability to make more complex structures (like the multi-emitter transistors, when the data sheets /data books included an "equivalent circuit schematic")
2. in low gain mode, there is higher feedback
3. driver stage (VAS???) adds more distortion to the open loop, but would reduce voltage swing requirements of prior stage
4. driver stage transistors introduce another pole (low pass filter characteristic) in the loop
5. cascoding (fixed VCE or VDS, or Vplate-cathode), apply local feedback at each gain stage (emitter or source degeneration), grade and sort transistors for higher linearity per expected load-line, feed-forward
6. miller compensation? s and jw are phasor domain. (was a long time ago I studied this)
7. haven't looked recently, but I strongly suspect those exact TI parts that you selected (with the caveat that the output buffers are best at an equivalent load of about 250 ohms, which is why you employ 4x or is it 8x of those in parallel)
8. power supply bypassing; poor pcb layout, esp grounding and consideration of loop currents, input network impedances interacting with input parasitics
9. cable routing and ground connections are critical, esp for a power amp under loaded conditions. personally hate cheesy 3.5mm TRS connectors (wiggle and they become intermittent)
10. maybe a few percent for bass/midrange, 0.1%~0.5% for higher ranges
11. maybe 0.1% for mid bass & upwards, and much worse when approaching 20hz (if it goes that low)
12. transducer distortion is an order of magnitude or two worse than amp distortion
13. don't know, but expect it to be much worse than the preamp and power amp. ADC would be an exception if its the one
@Baldr designed.
completely un-related aside: I thought that Kemet also made thin-film resistors in addition to SMT MLCC's (or was that very very long ago). Caddock, or are they mostly into custom arrays and power resistors?