Here are some things that i have done/learned that have a great impact on system noise as far as fans are concerned:
- take a close look at quality case fans - madshrimp fan roundup , silent pc leaderboard ...if you look closely at the madshrimps roundup, note that many fans perform optimally(acoustically) below their maximum speed. You'll need a fan controller to do this, I can highly recommend the CoolerMaster Aerogate3, it can spin 4 fans from max to zero RPM, and has 4 thermal probes too. Another advantage is that it lets you adjust how the air moves through your case, which is a huge help when your setting things up at the start. Generally you want to pull air in through the back of the case(strongest fan in the back, slower fans in the middle,front) FYI I use GlobalWin NCB's, not the best now, but they are super cheap($6) and if you put them one rpm notch under max, they are very quiet
completely remove or drill out the wire mesh that covers the fans(on case), this has a rather large impact by reducing resistance thereby reducing vibration and increasing cooling ability
replace the fan mount screws with rubber mounts, they are relatively cheap and easy to install, these are fantastic at eliminating the fans vibration from the case
Scrith beat me to this one, but i would also recommend replacing your PSU with a quieter one, I like SeaSonic's too, solidly built and very quiet. I use them exsclusively, they have a good rep at SilentPC too. Another option is to get a modular PSU, one that lets you only plug in the power cables you need, a great way to cut down on case clutter
Tape up any holes in the case, remove or rerout cables out of the way of the fans
Suspend a fan inside your case with rubber bands, this is highly case dependant as far as positioning goes, you may have to reroute some cables to make room. I have an aluminum Lian-Li case and I drilled a couple holes so i could suspend a fan pointing at the rear fan to help move air from the front to the back, one thing that's cool with rubber band suspension is that the fan will be as absolutely quiet as possible, no vibration, all you will hear is the noise from the blades moving the air
As far as sound damping goes I have not needed it, but everything I've read recommends you fix your sources of noise first, damping may or may not help much, and in a lot of cases it only changes the
pitch of the sound.
Here is some good damping material if you want to pursue that.
As previously mentioned, where you put your case has a great deal of impact on what you hear, for example my PC is sitting in a floor compartment of my desk
(front part of the compartment is totally open, back is 3/4's open), approx 8" from a wall, I sit about 3ft to the left of it, and all i can really hear is the rear case fan...one problem I ran into because my PC's rear fan is so close the the wall is hot air blowback, I reduced this by cutting out cardboard pieces and taping them onto the side of the compartment to cover up the open "holes" around the case that the air was coming back through.
Also remember to occasionally open up the case and clean the dust/hair out, any high airflow system will suck up a lot of gunk, especially during winter...and especially if you have pets!
PS If you need a visual aid, I could pull my case out and take a pic for ya