My non-medical understanding of eyes is this: Eyes are effectively radiation sensors. We "see" certain bands of radiation, though the eyes still absorb the bands of radiation our brains do not process. They're basically a receptor that pulls in all bands of radiation, while converting only certain bands into electrical signals, and our brains only actually bother interpereting certain limited bands of that.
My non-medical understanding of ears is this: Ears are airflow receptors. There are hairs in the ear tuned to pick up vibrations at very specific frequencies. Any frequency you can't "hear" means you don't have hairs tuned to that frequency, or the ones you once have are long since damaged beyond use. We hear a huge range of audio. Different humans have different range limitations (or stripes of frequencies in the middle that no longer receive due to damage.) But generally the ear doesn't pick up ultra sub-bass (that can be only felt by the body), and it can't pick up UHF over 20khz or so (but the body may feel it on other hair follicles. There's a huge debate on that alone.) Basically if its outside your range of hearing, it can't damage anything because you have no receptors in that frequency range to begin with. Even if there was something do "damage" as a result, if you couldn't hear the sound to begin with, you aren't going to be missing out on any damaged receptor hairs even if they do get damaged....your brain wasn't processing the signal from them.
Hearing is damaged by frequency, not as a whole unless you cause actual eardrum damage, which is purely due to force of SPL (or physical object/injury) and is a highly painful affair. If you didn't hear it, it didn't matter. There are a good many things in the world that produce sounds outside our hearing range. You just don't notice them because they're outside your hearing range.
Remember, noise cancelling tech was designed for hearing PROTECTION first and foremost. It was integrated into headphones as a convenience item long after it was used as a safety device, and it is a critical safety device for anyone working in loud environments with a constant noise.
I imagine the music coming out of your headphones has far more potential to do real damage to frequencies you can hear than whatever UHF frequencies noise cancelling may or may not be emitting.