I've been measuring all sorts of headphone-related frequency things to try and build up some experience in doing that sort of thing.
This evening I measured the vintage DT 990's original vs. modern pads, as there was some discussion of them in this thread last time.

[17 Mar '12 note: updated to a more correctly-calibrated graph measured some weeks ago.]
The measurements were made using a fake ear (including a modeled ear canal), and a diffuse field HRTF compensation was used. I took three measurements of each pad configuration and averaged them out (ear was placed [1] in the middle of the cup, [2] a bit towards the top and [3] a bit towards the bottom). From what I've read, one should do five measurements, but that's a bit too much effort for now. My recording setup is homely, and so these graphs are only indicative. They correlate roughly with what I hear in a sine sweep – the original pads generally have a downwards curve after 4 kHz or so, while the modern ones have a rising one.
(For any person who's seen my earlier graphs, this one has a slight mic-related correction [a hump] made to the area between ~1.4 and ~2.5 kHz. The corrected graph seems to roughly agree with what I hear – my earlier graphs of other phones tended to recess that area by about 5 or so dB too much.)
My original 990 pads no longer have the foam filling, but are instead filled very lightly with cotton: the uncompressed pad is a bit less than 2 cm thick and compresses to about 1 cm or less. I think I could add some more cotton, and I used to have it that way, but I reduced it at some point for whatever reason. (A picture possibly of their current level of filling in this post, the top pad.)
The modern pads are not using their foam discs, since I don't have them anymore. I tried the foam discs earlier (in my above post), but I believe the highs were still harsh.
Anyways, I definitely perceived the modern pads to be trebly, and some others seemed to be of that opinion as well. The graphs agree on that.
I also read somewhere (no idea where) that the vintage DT 990s are diffuse field equalized, and, looking at raw measurement data, I'm pretty sure they are. The treble area curve is similar to the diffuse field HRTF curve, and it reduces into a relatively flat treble in the compensated graph with the original pads. (I'm not sure how much having cotton in the old pads changes the sound vs. having the original foam, though, but I believe you're hard-pressed to find original pads with intact foam these days..)
The graphs suggest that the new pads reduce bass. I hear it as well when I have one cup with an old pad and the other one a modern pad. Probably due to the driver being closer to the ear with the flatter old pad.
Edited by vid - 3/17/12 at 3:43pm